ENTSO-e, the European grid coordinator, released its final report on the April 28, 2025 blackout that knocked out the entire Iberian Peninsula. The verdict: policy failures left Spain structurally vulnerable before the first oscillation ever hit.
The report draws on sub-second hardware status logs from major nodes across the Spanish and Portuguese grid, plus interchange data from France and Morocco, and direct performance data from rooftop solar inverter manufacturers. That granularity is what separates this from the preliminary findings, which flagged voltage oscillations and early disconnections but could not fully explain the cascade.
The full report is worth reading for two reasons: the forensic detail on how grid-level instability propagated in real time, and the concrete policy changes ENTSO-e says operators must make to avoid a repeat. The conclusion is not just technical. It is a direct indictment of how the Iberian grid was managed before the lights went out.
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